Tony Cai

Tony Cai’s research develops statistical foundations for modern data science and AI, with current emphasis on transfer learning, differential privacy, federated and distributed learning, causal inference, and high-dimensional statistics. A central theme is reliable learning from heterogeneous, sensitive, and decentralized data: how information from related populations can improve a target analysis, how privacy and communication constraints affect statistical accuracy, and how methods can adapt to new settings without negative transfer. These questions arise naturally in modern scientific and technological applications, where data are often distributed across institutions, populations, studies, and devices, and where reliable conclusions must be drawn while respecting privacy and accounting for heterogeneity.

His recent work develops decision-theoretic frameworks for privacy-preserving and federated estimation, testing, transfer learning, and individualized treatment decisions. These questions are increasingly important for AI, where modern systems must learn from large, distributed, and heterogeneous data sources while respecting privacy, reliability, and resource constraints. His work contributes statistical foundations for trustworthy AI by clarifying when learning is possible, what information is fundamentally required, and how optimal procedures can be designed under such constraints. These ideas are relevant to applications in biomedical research, public health, genomics, finance, decentralized learning systems, and large-scale scientific collaboration.

Tony Cai’s research contributions span several major areas of modern statistics. He has developed influential theory and methodology for high-dimensional covariance and precision-matrix estimation, sparse PCA, graphical models, regression, and high-dimensional testing, as well as for nonparametric estimation, adaptation, and uncertainty quantification. His work on large-scale multiple testing addresses power and false discovery control in complex high-dimensional settings, while contributions to binomial confidence intervals, singular-subspace perturbation theory, and the theoretical analysis of t-SNE have provided widely used tools and benchmarks. Many of these contributions also support modern AI and machine learning, particularly through their treatment of high-dimensional structure, spectral methods, dimension reduction, uncertainty, and reliable inference from complex data.

His work has had substantial impact on applied science. The Brown–Cai–DasGupta paper on binomial confidence intervals, for example, has received more than 4,800 citations and is widely used in medicine, public health, clinical trials, epidemiology, quality control, genetics, and related fields. His research has contributed significantly to genomics, including large-scale multiple testing, differential co-expression analysis, and gene-network inference, where rigorous statistical methods are essential for reliable scientific discovery. Across these areas, Tony Cai’s work combines sharp theory with practically motivated methodology, developing statistically optimal and adaptive procedures together with a precise understanding of the limits of what can be achieved under high dimensionality, structural complexity, privacy, communication, and heterogeneity. Taken together, his research has influenced statistical theory, machine learning, biomedical science, genomics, and data-driven scientific discovery.

Current Courses (Fall 2026)

• STAT4300 - Probability

  Discrete and continuous sample spaces and probability; random variables, distributions, independence; expectation and generating functions; Markov chains and recurrence theory.

  STAT4300001 ( Syllabus )

  STAT4300002 ( Syllabus )

All Courses

• AMCS5999 - Independent Study

  Independent Study allows students to pursue academic interests not available in regularly offered courses. Students must consult with their academic advisor to formulate a project directly related to the student’s research interests. All independent study courses are subject to the approval of the AMCS Graduate Group Chair.

• AMCS9950 - Dissertation

  Allows for a PhD student to be enrolled full-time to work exclusively on research, writing and preparing his/her doctoral thesis and defense. All required coursework (20 CUs) must be completed, and the student must have passed his/her thesis proposal/oral candidacy examination prior to being enrolled.

• AMCS9990 - Masters Thesis

  For students writing a Master's Thesis to fulfill the program's requirements. All required coursework (8 CUs) must be completed prior to being enrolled.

• AMCS9999 - Ind Study & Research

  Study under the direction of a faculty member.

• STAT4300 - Probability

  Discrete and continuous sample spaces and probability; random variables, distributions, independence; expectation and generating functions; Markov chains and recurrence theory.

• STAT5100 - Probability

  Elements of matrix algebra. Discrete and continuous random variables and their distributions. Moments and moment generating functions. Joint distributions. Functions and transformations of random variables. Law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. Point estimation: sufficiency, maximum likelihood, minimum variance. Confidence intervals. A one-year course in calculus is recommended.

• STAT9720 - Adv Topics in Math Stat

  A continuation of STAT 9700.

• STAT9910 - Sem in Adv Appl of Stat

  This seminar is for graduate students who wish to learn about current research frontiers. It covers advanced topics in probability, statistical theory and methods, applied statistics, data science and artificial intelligence. Specific topics vary from year to year and emphasize both theoretical foundations and applications.

• STAT9950 - Dissertation

  Dissertation

• Leo Breiman Senior Award, American Statistical Association, 2026
• Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023
• Peter Whittle Lecture, Cambridge University, 2018
• Hermann Otto Hirschfeld Lectures, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, 2012
• Forum Lecture, 28th European Meeting of Statisticians, Piraeus, Greece, 2010
• Medallion Lecturer, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2009
• The COPSS Presidents’ Award, Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies, 2008
• Fellow, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2006
• International Chinese Statistical Association Outstanding Service Award, 2019
• International Chinese Statistical Association Distinguished Achievement Award, 2019
• Laplace Lecture, Bernoulli Society, 10th World Congress in Probability & Statistics, 2020